Gymnosperms are flowerless plants that produce cones and seeds
Angiosperms are plants that produce flowers and bear their seeds in fruits
Phycology, also called algology, the study of algae, a large heterogeneous group of chiefly aquatic plants ranging in size from microscopic forms to species as large as shrubs or trees. The discipline is of immediate interest to humans because of algae’s importance in ecology.
nitrogen-fixing bacteria include species of Azotobacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Klebsiella.
Coppicing is a method of cutting trees to ground level, leading to a strong vegetative response and the regeneration of new shoots from the base. Coppiced trees have a fully developed root system so that regrowth is rapid and the wood from the new stems may be harvested in short intervals of 2–10 years.
Pollarding is a woodland management method of encouraging lateral branches by cutting off a tree stem or minor branches two or three metres above ground level. … A tree which has been allowed to grow without being cut as a pollard (or coppice stool) is called a maiden or maiden tree
The seedlings felling of trees in a mature stand, leaving a small number of trees to produce seed, thus ensuring that the resulting seedlings have sufficient light and room to grow into a new crop of trees.
Flosses are obtained from certain fruits and are used for stuffing pillows, mattresses, etc. Different types of leaves are obtained from the trees and are used for different purposes. The most important being the tendu leaves used as wrappers for bidis.
Another is the “Mongra” or “Lacha” saffron of Kashmir (Crocus sativus ‘Cashmirianus’), which is among the most difficult for consumers to obtain.
Henna (Lawsonia Inermis) is a NATURAL DYE flowering plant.
The leaves of the Henna plant contain a natural and very effective coloring pigment: Lawsone
Seasoning of Timber is a hydrothermal treatment of Timber, involving evaporation of moisture content in required proportion.
CROP height] — Thus Lorey’s mean height is calculated by multiplying the tree height (h) by its basal area (g)
Calculation of timber volume in round logs
Hoppus Volume (h ft) = (“Quarter Girth” (in))2 × Length (ft) / 144 = (circumference (ft) / 4)2 × Length (ft)
PRESSLERS BORRER An increment borer is a specialized tool used to extract a section of wood tissue from a living tree with relatively minor injury to the plant itself. It is most often used by foresters, researchers and scientists to determine the age of a tree.
Selective cutting is the cutting down of selected trees in a forest so that growth of other trees is not affected. This is done according to criteria regarding minimum tree size for harvesting, specifications of the number, spacing and size classes of residual trees per area, and allowable cut.
The periodic block is a sub-division of a felling series and is defined as: “The parts of a forest allocated for regeneration or other treatment during a specified period” is calculated by periodic block = (rotaion) / (regeneration period)
Pinus gerardiana, known as the chilgoza pine or neja is a pine native to the northwestern Himalayas in northern Pakistan, Waziristan and northwestern India
Mulch is simply a protective layer of a material that is spread on top of the soil. … Mulches can either be organic — such as grass clippings, straw, bark chips, and similar materials — or inorganic — such as stones, brick chips, and plastic
Root rot is a plant disease that can be caused by overwatering, poor drainage, or by soil fungi. Like many plant diseases, root rot is hard to treat and prevention is the best way to avoid it
heart rot is a fungal disease that causes the decay of wood at the center of the trunk and branches. Fungi enter the tree through wounds in the bark and decay the heartwood.
Current annual increment CAI: the increment over a period of one year at any stage in the tree’s history. The period to which the CAI refers and the age and/or size of trees at that time must be defined
Most soils have pH values between 3.5 and 10. In higher rainfall areas the natural pH of soils typically ranges from 5 to 7, while in drier areas the range is 6.5 to 9
Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which a person uses a piece of land, only to abandon or alter the initial use a short time later. This system often involves clearing of a piece of land followed by several years of wood harvesting or farming until the soil loses fertility.
Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils. Fossils are the remains of plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
Secondary felling: It is defined as a regeneration felling carried out between seeding felling and final felling in order gradually to remove the shelter and admit increasing light to the regenerated crop Removal of trees in secondary felling depends on progress of regeneration and its light requirement.
A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Offsets are a vegetative part of a plant. They are formed by the mitosis as this division occurs in somatic cells. Offsets are daughter plants that are genetically similar to the parent and are produced by sexual reproduction.
Forest fire The best way to control a forest fire is therefore, to prevent it from spreading, which can be done by creating firebreaks in the shape of small clearings of ditches in the forests.
The counter fire rushes towards the wildfire, leaving a stretch of … to have enough people with leafy green boughs to beat the fire out.
Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the species
Ecological succession is the process that describes how the structure of a biological community (that is, an interacting group of various species in a desert, forest, grassland, marine environment, and so on) changes over time
Ceiba pentandra produces a light and strong fiber (kapok) used throughout history to fill mattresses, pillows, tapestries, and dolls. Kapok has recently been replaced in commercial use by synthetic fibers and oil used in soap and fertilizers
Lac is a natural resin secreted by Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr), which thrives on the tender twigs of specific host trees
Avaenue plantation = roadside plantation
climax, in ecology, the final stage of biotic succession attainable by a plant community in an area under the environmental conditions present at a particular time.
Vernation is the formation of new leaves or fronds. In plant anatomy, it is the arrangement of leaves in a bud.
Yield tables — … an area of forest, stand volume at any age, present or future, can be estimated from the yield table without additional field work