The Mole & Avogadro’s Constant

The Mole Concept Mole: This is the mass of any substance containing the same number of fundamental units i.e.; Atoms, Molecules or ions, as there are atoms in…

Writing Equations Revision Notes IGCSE Chemistry

Writing Word Equations & Balanced Equations Step 1: Identify reactants and products and place them in a word equation. Step 2: Convert the chemical names into chemical formulas.…

Stoichiometry Revision Notes IGCSE Chemistry CIE

Symbols & Formulae Stoichiometry deals with the application of the laws of definite proportions and of the conservation of mass and energy to chemical activity For eg; when…

Metallic Bonding Revision Notes IGCSE Chemistry CIE

Metallic Bonding metallic bond is a force that holds atoms together in a metallic substance. Such a solid consists of closely packed atoms. In most cases, the outermost…

Macromolecules IGCSE Chemistry CIE Revision Notes

Giant Covalent Structures A giant covalent structure is a three-dimensional structure of atoms that are joined by covalent bonds. Allotropes are different forms of the same element, in the…

Experimental Techniques : Measurement & Purity

Time, Temperature, Mass & Volume Time Time can be measured using a stopwatch or stopclock which are usually accurate to one or two decimal places The units of…

The Particulate Nature of Matter

Solids, Liquids & Gases Solid has a definite shape and volume, liquid has a definite volume but take the shape of the container, gas has no definite shape or…

Carbon Dioxide & Methane Revision Notes

Greenhouse gases The greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the planet Earth. The main gases responsible for the greenhouse effect include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,…

Fertilizers Revision Notes IGCSE Chemistry

Fertilizers Fertilizers are “The products that improve the levels of the available plant nutrients and/or the chemical and physical properties of the soil, thereby directly or indirectly enhancing…
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